Tetrabutylammonium iodide(TBAI) yimbumba yeekhemikhali efumene ingqwalasela ebalulekileyo kwintsimi ye-organic chemistry.Yityuwa esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo njenge-phase transfer catalyst.Iipropathi ezizodwa ze-TBAI zenza ukuba ibe lolona khetho lufanelekileyo kwiindidi ezininzi zokusabela kweekhemikhali, kodwa yintoni umatshini ongemva koku kusabela?
I-TBAI iyaziwa ngokukwazi ukudlulisa i-ion phakathi kwezigaba ezingenakulinganiswa.Oku kuthetha ukuba ingenza ukuba iimpendulo zenzeke phakathi kweekhompawundi ebezingenakukwazi ukusebenzisana.I-TBAI iluncedo ngakumbi kwiimpendulo ezibandakanya i-halides, njenge-iodides, kuba inokonyusa ukunyibilika kwazo kwizinyibilikisi zendalo ngelixa zigcina iimpawu zazo ze-ionic.
Esinye sezona zicelo zixhaphakileyo ze-TBAI kukudityaniswa kwezinto eziphilayo.Xa i-TBAI yongezwa kwinkqubo yokusabela kwesigaba ezibini, inokukhuthaza ukuhanjiswa kwee-anions phakathi kwezigaba, okwenza ukuba ukuphendula kwenzeke okungenakwenzeka ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwe-catalyst.Ngokomzekelo, i-TBAI isetyenziswe kwi-synthesis ye-nitriles engasetyenziswanga ngokuphendula kwee-ketones kunye ne-sodium cyanide phambi kwe-catalyst.
Indlela ye-TBAI-catalyzed reactions ixhomekeke ekugqithisweni kwe-catalyst phakathi kwezigaba ezimbini.I-solubility ye-TBAI kwi-solvents ye-organic ingundoqo ekusebenzeni kwayo njenge-catalyst kuba ivumela i-catalyst ukuba ithathe inxaxheba ekuphenduleni ngelixa ihlala kwisigaba sezinto eziphilayo.Indlela yokusabela inokushwankathelwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
1. Ukupheliswa kweI-TBAIkwisigaba samanzi
2. Ukudluliselwa kwe-TBAI kwisigaba sezinto eziphilayo
3. Ukusabela kwe-TBAI kunye ne-organic substrate ukwenza indawo ephakathi
4. Ukudluliselwa kwendawo ephakathi ukuya kwisigaba samanzi
5. Ukusabela kwe-intermediate kunye ne-aqueous reactant ukuvelisa imveliso efunekayo
Ukusebenza kwe-TBAI njenge-catalyst kungenxa yobuchule bayo obukhethekileyo bokudlulisa i-ion kwizigaba ezibini, ngelixa begcina i-ionic yabo.Oku kuphunyezwa yi-lipophilicity ephezulu yamaqela e-alkyl ye-molecule ye-TBAI ebonelela ngekhuselo le-hydrophobic malunga ne-cationic moiety.Olu phawu lwe-TBAI lubonelela ngozinzo kwiiyoni ezidluliselweyo kwaye yenza ukuba iimpendulo ziqhubeke ngokufanelekileyo.
Ukongeza kwi-synthesis applications, i-TBAI iphinde yasetyenziswa kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zeekhemikhali.Ngokomzekelo, iye yasetyenziswa xa kulungiswa iiamide, iamidine, neurea derivatives.I-TBAI isetyenziswe kwakhona kwiimpendulo ezibandakanya ukubunjwa kweebhondi ze-carbon-carbon okanye ukususwa kwamaqela asebenzayo afana ne-halogens.
Ukuqukumbela, indlela yeI-TBAI-i-catalyzed reactions isekelwe ekudlulisweni kwe-ion phakathi kwezigaba ezingenakulinganiswa, ezinikwe amandla yimpawu ezizodwa ze-molecule ye-TBAI.Ngokukhuthaza ukusabela phakathi kweekhompawundi ezinokuthi zingasebenzi, i-TBAI iye yaba sisixhobo esibalulekileyo kwiikhemisti zokwenziwa kuluhlu lwemimandla.Ukusebenza kwayo kunye nokuguquguquka kwayo kuyenza ibe yi-catalyst yokuya kwabo bafuna ukwandisa izixhobo zabo zemichiza.
Ixesha lokuposa: May-10-2023